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You may think e-mailing, texting, talking on the phone and listening to music all at once is making you more efficient, but new research suggests the opposite is true.

Processing multiple streams of information from different sources of media is a challenge for the human brain, according to a study published in this week’s online issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

New research shows that students who did the most multi-tasking were less able to focus and concentrate — even when they were trying to do only one task at a time.

“The human mind is not really built for processing multiple streams of information,” said study author Eyal Ophir, a researcher at Stanford University’s Communication Between Humans and Interactive Media Lab. “The ability to process a second stream of information is really limited.”

Researchers had 262 college students fill out a questionnaire to determine how often they multi-tasked. Students were then asked to complete a series of tests that measured cognitive control, or the process by which the brain directs attention, decides where to allocate mental resources at a given moment and determines what’s important from the many bits of information being received.

Students who were at the upper end of the media multi-tasking spectrum performed more poorly on all the tests than those who multi-tasked the least, even though the students had similar overall intelligence, including SAT scores.

In the first test, students were asked to determine how the orientation of red rectangles had changed while ignoring blue rectangles. The heavy multi-taskers had a harder time filtering out the useless information.

“The heavy multi-taskers couldn’t help paying attention to the blue rectangles and were actually less successful in remembering the orientation of the red rectangles,” Ophir said.

In another test, students were asked whether they were seeing an even or odd number or a vowel or a consonant when shown a letter and a number simultaneously. A prompt asked students to answer either the letter question or the number question.

Frequent multi-taskers took longer to answer than lighter multi-taskers, indicating they had a more difficult time switching between numbers-based and letters-based tasks.

“This was shocking,” Ophir said. “You’d think multi-taskers would be better at task-switching, but they were slower.”

The reasons for the decreased cognitive control are unclear, Ophir said. Researchers cannot say if the multi-tasking itself damages cognitive control — and if so, how much multi-tasking it takes for damage to occur — or if those who tend to multi-task with media have less cognitive control to begin with.

“Either way, the prescription is to multi-task less,” Ophir said. “The big take-away from me is to try to build periods of focus, to create times you are really focused on one thing.”

Media multi-tasking includes doing one or more activities at once, including e-mailing, surfing the Web, writing on a computer, watching TV, texting, playing video games, listening to music or talking on the phone.

“It seems from our survey that everybody is doing some amount of multi-tasking,” Ophir said. “It’s hard to find people that don’t multi-task. But it’s all about intensity.”

The findings have implications for today’s universities and workplaces, where multi-tasking has become the norm, said Dr. John Lucas, a clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at Weill-Cornell Medical College.

“There is no free lunch in switching from one task to another,” Lucas said. “People multi-task without an awareness that transitioning from one set of responsibilities to another involves some lag time, and when they do switch, the cognitive skills are not going to be as sharp.”

While computers are well-equipped to switch rapidly from one task to another, the human brain struggles with such demands. “The human brain is not a hard disc that can switch from one part of the drive to the other,” Lucas said. “The average person is going to have difficulty performing two tasks as well as he or she would have performed one task and being focused on it over time.”

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Women with extra fat around their waists are more likely to develop asthma, even if they aren’t overweight, a new study finds.

The California Teachers Study of more than 88,000 women found the same association between obesity and increased incidence of asthma that has been seen in other research, according to the Aug. 25 online report in the journal Thorax.

But it also found a 37 percent increased incidence of asthma among women with a waist circumference of 88 centimeters — about 35 inches — even if they were of normal weight.

That finding was an offshoot of a study originally intended to look at factors related to breast cancer in women, said study author Julie Von Behren, a research associate at the Northern California Cancer Center. But the researchers also got a lot of other information about the participants, including waistline measurements and asthma risk factors, such as smoking exposure.

“We had a lot of detailed information, also on body weight at age 18 and later,” Von Behren said.

Using the standard designations of “overweight” for a woman with a body-mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher and “extreme obesity” for a body-mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher, the study found a doubled incidence of asthma among the obese women and a more than tripled incidence among the extremely obese.

While the study was not designed to determine why the location of body fat could play a role in development of asthma, “waist size can be an indicator of the type of body fat,” Von Behren explained. “Abdominal fat is visceral fat, which is more biologically active. It has been linked to diabetes and heart disease.”

Fat around the waist “could be acting in some inflammatory way,” she said.

That is a plausible, though unproven, explanation, said Dr. Alejandro Arroliga, a pulmonologist and chairman of medicine at the Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Clinic in Temple, Texas.

“We know that obesity can cause an inflammatory state,” Arroliga said. “Markers of inflammation are increased in obesity.”

Other studies have documented the overall association between obesity and asthma, he said. “This is one of the biggest, with more than 88,000 women. It’s huge,” Arroliga said.

While one conventional explanation is that body fat puts a squeeze on airways, some previous studies have pointed toward the composition of body fat as a possible element in asthma risk, he said.

“But it is still unclear why there is this association,” Arroliga said. “The biological explanation lags behind the epidemiological evidence.”

Whatever the reason, the association with asthma provides just another reason not to put on extra weight, Von Behren said.

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